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Goods transported in the UK by four modes (1974–2002)

1\. Giải thích đề

Biểu đồ đường cho thấy lượng hàng hóa (triệu tấn) được vận chuyển tại UK bằng 4 phương thức: road, water, rail, pipeline trong giai đoạn 1974–2002.

→ Dạng: line graph (time \+ comparison)

2\. Introduction (paraphrase)

The line graph illustrates the amount of goods transported in the UK by four different modes between 1974 and 2002\.

3\. Overview (ý chính)

Road luôn cao nhất và tăng đáng kể
Water tăng ổn định
Rail dao động, không có xu hướng rõ ràng
Pipeline thấp nhất nhưng tăng nhanh giai đoạn đầu rồi ổn định

4\. Cách chia BODY

→ Chia theo tăng mạnh vs dao động/thấp

BODY 1 – Road & Water

Road:

→ từ \~70 lên gần 100

→ có giảm nhẹ giai đoạn đầu nhưng nhìn chung tăng mạnh

→ luôn là phương thức chính

Water:

→ tăng từ \~40 lên \~63

→ tăng khá đều, chỉ có giai đoạn chững nhẹ

→ Key idea:

Cả hai đều tăng, nhưng road vượt trội hơn rõ rệt

BODY 2 – Rail & Pipeline

Rail:

→ dao động quanh 30–40

→ giảm (1986), tăng lại (1990), rồi lại giảm nhẹ

→ không có xu hướng rõ ràng

Pipeline:

→ tăng nhanh từ \~5 lên \~23 (1982)

→ sau đó gần như ổn định quanh 20–23

→ Key idea:

Rail biến động, pipeline tăng sớm rồi ổn định

5\. Từ vựng & cấu trúc ăn điểm

Trend:

increase significantly
rise steadily
fluctuate
level off

Structure:

remained the dominant mode
showed a steady upward trend
fluctuated over the period
rose sharply before stabilizing

So sánh:

by contrast
while / whereas
compared with

Ví dụ câu:

Road transport remained the dominant mode throughout the period.
Pipeline rose sharply in the early years before leveling off.
Rail fluctuated without a clear overall trend.

The line graph compares the amount of goods transported in the UK by four different modes—road, water, rail and pipeline—between 1974 and 2002, measured in million tonnes.

Overall, road transport was consistently the dominant mode and showed a clear upward trend over the period. Water transport also increased overall, while rail fluctuated without a clear long-term rise. Pipeline transport grew rapidly at first and then stabilised.

In 1974, around 70 million tonnes of goods were moved by road, compared to approximately 40 million tonnes by both water and rail. Pipeline accounted for a much smaller figure, at about 5 million tonnes. Road transport dipped slightly in the early 1980s but then rose steadily, reaching nearly 100 million tonnes by 2002\.

Water transport experienced moderate growth, increasing from about 38 million tonnes in 1974 to just over 60 million tonnes at the end of the period, despite a slight decline in the mid-1990s. Rail transport, by contrast, showed fluctuations: it fell from around 40 million tonnes to just above 30 million tonnes in the mid-1980s before recovering to approximately 40 million tonnes by 2002\.

Pipeline transport rose sharply from 5 million tonnes in 1974 to around 22–23 million tonnes by the early 1980s, after which it remained relatively stable, with a slight decline to about 20 million tonnes in the later years.

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